Avaliação da microbiota cervicovaginal em gestantes com parto prematuro: revisão sistemática e meta-análise
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A microbiota vaginal protege contra infecções e é essencial para a manutenção de uma gravidez saudável. Distúrbios na composição dessa microbiota podem estar associadas ao parto prematuro, o qual é uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade neonatal. Sendo assim, identificar tal composição pode oferecer estratégias para a prevenção dessa complicação. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar as alterações na microbiota cervicovaginal no parto prematuro em gestantes maiores de 18 anos. Em relação à metodologia utilizada, foi conduzida uma revisão sistemática seguindo as diretrizes do PRISMA. A busca foi feita em bases de dados como MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science e Cochrane Library, utilizando as seguintes palavra-chave: Microbiota”, “cervicovaginal " e "Trabalho de Parto Prematuro” e seus sinônimos. Após o processo de seleção dos estudos foram incluídos apenas estudos observacionais que avaliaram a composição da microbiota cervicovaginal de gestantes com mais de 18 anos. Todos os estudos incluídos foram avaliados quanto à sua qualidade metodológica. As análises foram realizadas utilizando o software RevMan (versão 5.4). Dos 5.193 registros triados, oito estudos atenderam aos critérios de elegibilidade. Os oito estudos incluídos nesta revisão foram publicados entre 2019 e 2024 e conduzidos nos Estados Unidos, Japão e Coreia do Sul. Os delineamentos dos estudos incluíram coortes prospectivas e estudos caso-controle. A idade materna nos estudos variou entre 28 e 34 anos. Na maioria dos estudos, a coleta de amostras ocorreu entre 16 e 24 semanas de gestação. Os achados indicaram maior prevalência dos Community State Types não dominados por Lactobacillus (CST III e IV) entre os casos de parto prematuro, enquanto perfis dominados por L. crispatus, L. gasseri e L. jensenii foram mais comuns em nascimentos a termo. A meta-análise indicou media do índice de diversidade de Shannon maior no grupo de parto prematuro em comparação ao grupo a termo (diferença de médias: 0,60; IC95%: 0,16–1,04; p = 0,008; I² = 62%, três estudos, 91 participantes, baixa certeza da evidencia). Conclui-se que a disbiose cervicovaginal, caracterizada pela redução da dominância de Lactobacillus e pelo aumento da diversidade microbiana, está associada ao maior risco de parto prematuro. Perfis dominados por L. crispatus, L. gasseri e L. jensenii parecem exercer um efeito protetor. Estudos multicêntricos, longitudinais e com metodologias padronizadas são necessários para validar esses achados e investigar intervenções capazes de modular a microbiota como estratégia preventiva.
The vaginal microbiota protects against infections and is essential for maintaining a healthy pregnancy. Disturbances in its composition may be associated with preterm birth, one of the leading causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Therefore, identifying alterations in this community may offer strategies to prevent this complication. The aim of the present study was to evaluate changes in the cervicovaginal microbiota associated with preterm birth in pregnant women aged 18 years and older. A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Searches were performed in MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases using the terms “Microbiota,” “Cervicovaginal,” and “Preterm Labor,” along with their synonyms. Following study selection, only observational studies evaluating the composition of the cervicovaginal microbiota in pregnant women aged ≥18 years were included. All included studies underwent methodological quality assessment. Statistical analyses were conducted using Review Manager (RevMan), version 5.4. From 5,193 screened records, eight studies met the eligibility criteria. These studies were published between 2019 and 2024 and conducted in the United States, Japan, and South Korea. Study designs included prospective cohort studies and case–control studies. Maternal age ranged from 28 to 34 years, and sample collection was predominantly performed between 16 and 24 gestational weeks. The findings showed a higher prevalence of non-Lactobacillus–dominated Community State Types (CST III and IV) among preterm birth cases, while profiles dominated by Lactobacillus crispatus, L. gasseri, and L. jensenii were more frequent in term births. The meta-analysis demonstrated higher Shannon diversity index values in the preterm birth group compared with the term birth group (mean difference 0.60; 95% CI: 0.16–1.04; p = 0.008; I² = 62%; three studies; 91 participants; low certainty of evidence). In conclusion, cervicovaginal dysbiosis—characterized by reduced Lactobacillus dominance and increased microbial diversity—is associated with a higher risk of preterm birth. Profiles dominated by L. crispatus, L. gasseri, and L. jensenii appear to exert a protective effect. Multicenter, longitudinal studies with standardized methodologies are needed to validate these findings and assess microbiota-modulating interventions as potential preventive strategies.
The vaginal microbiota protects against infections and is essential for maintaining a healthy pregnancy. Disturbances in its composition may be associated with preterm birth, one of the leading causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Therefore, identifying alterations in this community may offer strategies to prevent this complication. The aim of the present study was to evaluate changes in the cervicovaginal microbiota associated with preterm birth in pregnant women aged 18 years and older. A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Searches were performed in MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases using the terms “Microbiota,” “Cervicovaginal,” and “Preterm Labor,” along with their synonyms. Following study selection, only observational studies evaluating the composition of the cervicovaginal microbiota in pregnant women aged ≥18 years were included. All included studies underwent methodological quality assessment. Statistical analyses were conducted using Review Manager (RevMan), version 5.4. From 5,193 screened records, eight studies met the eligibility criteria. These studies were published between 2019 and 2024 and conducted in the United States, Japan, and South Korea. Study designs included prospective cohort studies and case–control studies. Maternal age ranged from 28 to 34 years, and sample collection was predominantly performed between 16 and 24 gestational weeks. The findings showed a higher prevalence of non-Lactobacillus–dominated Community State Types (CST III and IV) among preterm birth cases, while profiles dominated by Lactobacillus crispatus, L. gasseri, and L. jensenii were more frequent in term births. The meta-analysis demonstrated higher Shannon diversity index values in the preterm birth group compared with the term birth group (mean difference 0.60; 95% CI: 0.16–1.04; p = 0.008; I² = 62%; three studies; 91 participants; low certainty of evidence). In conclusion, cervicovaginal dysbiosis—characterized by reduced Lactobacillus dominance and increased microbial diversity—is associated with a higher risk of preterm birth. Profiles dominated by L. crispatus, L. gasseri, and L. jensenii appear to exert a protective effect. Multicenter, longitudinal studies with standardized methodologies are needed to validate these findings and assess microbiota-modulating interventions as potential preventive strategies.
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Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências da Saúde.
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MENDONÇA, Jannine Tiago de Sousa. Avaliação da microbiota cervicovaginal em gestantes com parto prematuro: revisão sistemática e meta-análise. 2025. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências da Saúde) – Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, 2025.